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Section Spread by aphids Virus diseases of cucurbit are spread by aphids, however, the use of insecticides to kill aphid vectors is not effective for controlling these viruses. Fruit symptoms may be severe for most cucurbits and consist of malformation, knobby outgrowths, and color breaking see Reference 1.
Mosaic and rugosity of foliage and color breaking on fruit of straightneck yellow squash caused by Watermelon Mosaic Potyvirus formerly WMV Note mosaic on foliage but absence of color breaking on fruit infected with Watermelon Mosaic Potyvirus formerly WMV The virus is seedborne in muskmelon and is spread in nature principally by the spotted and striped cucumber beetles. The virus is carried within the seed and cannot be eliminated by hot water or chemical treatment with trisodium phosphate.
Symptoms consist of pronounced chlorotic mottle, green veinbanding, and distortion of leaves of young seedlings. On mature plants, leaves show intense dark green mosaic, blistering, and hardening, suggestive of a hormonal herbicide effect first image below. Infected fruit coming from such plants show a strong mottled pattern with a lack of netting on melons second image below. Control measures include selection of disease-free seed and cucumber beetle control.
Squash Mosaic Comovirus symptoms on mature melon leaves appear as intense dark green mosaic, with blistering and hardening of leaf texture. Melon fruit infected with Squash Mosaic Comovirus on left shows strong mottled patterns and lack of netting. Although more common in the southern and western regions of the United States, this virus has been recovered in New York several times since it first occurred in epidemic proportions in This virus is capable of infecting all commercial cucurbit crops.
The foliage of affected plants shows strong mosaic, distortion, and deep leaf serration. Fruits are also malformed with knobby overgrowth and color breaks. Papaya Ringspot Potyvirus produces strong mosaic, distortion, and deep leaf serration. Leaf distortion and plant stunting caused by Papaya Ringspot Potyvirus. Extreme leaf filiformity of summer squash as seen with several cucurbit viruses including Papaya Ringspot Potyvirus.
Leaf and malformation of zucchini summer squash Cucurbita pepo caused by Papaya Ringspot Potyvirus. Color breaking on yellow straightneck summer squash caused by Papaya Ringspot Potyvirus.
Zucchini summer squash fruit showing malformed and knobby appearance caused by infection with Papaya Ringspot Potyvirus. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus ZYMV is a relatively recently described virus disease of cucurbits, first identified in Europe in It has since been reported from most southern and southwestern states and was found in New York State in Muskmelon, watermelon, and squash are severely affected by ZYMV.
Foliar symptoms consist of a prominent yellow mosaic, necrosis, distortion, and stunting. Weeds may serve as hosts enabling overwintering of this virus in New York. Healthy pumpkin appears on left.
Early, fairly mild symptoms of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus shown on butternut squash Cucurbita moschata. Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Potyvirus produces prominent yellow mosaic and distortion of foliage and greatly malformed fruit as shown here. Provvidenti, Dept. Viruses are one of the most common causes of diseases affecting cucurbits in New York.
These diseases result in losses through reduction in growth and yield and are responsible for distortion and mottling of fruit, making the product unmarketable. A complex of viruses is able to infect cucurbits. With the exception of SqMV, which is seedborne in melon and transmitted by beetles, the other major viruses are transmitted by several aphid species in a nonpersistent manner.
Major Cucurbit Viruses. The virus is seedborne in muskmelon and is spread in nature principally by the spotted and striped cucumber beetles.
The virus is carried within the seed and cannot be eliminated by hot water or chemical treatment with tusodium phosphate. Symptoms consist of pronounced chlorotic mottle, green veinbanding, and distortion of leaves of young seedlings.
On mature plants, leaves show intense dark green mosaic, blistering, and hardening, suggestive of a hormonal herbicide effect fig. Infected fruit coming from such plants show a strong mottled pattern with a lack of netting on melons fig.
Control measures include selection of disease-free seed and cucumber beetle control. Cucumber mosaic virus CMV is probably the most widely distributed and important virus disease of cucurbits in New York. The virus overwinters in many perennial weed sources especially attractive to aphids when weed growth resumes in the spring. Early infection of squash and melons is particularly common. Aphids are the main and most efficient method of virus spread.
Summer squash displays severe downward cupping along the midvein and leaf reduction from which the plants fail to recover fig. Color breaking of squash fruit is usually seen, but is not unique for this virus; other viruses causing this symptom include watermelon mosaic viruses 1 and 2, squash mosaic virus, and zucchini yellow mosaic virus. Early decline of muskmelon vines is usually attributed to CMV infection and should not be confused with collapse or "sudden wilt," which is a more complex disease and a plant-stress-related syndrome.
CMV may be seedborne to a limited extent in some crops and weeds such as common chickweed Stellaria media.
Good CMV-resistant actually tolerant since plants are infected by the virus cucumber varieties are commercially available and produce a high percentage of unmottled fruit.
All other commercially grown cucurbits are susceptible to CMV, although in yellow summer squash varieties that also carry a "precocious yellow gene," this gene serves to mask the color breaking common with cucurbit viruses see discussion under WMV
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