Pipkin and R. Ritter pointed out in Science vol. This granular structure of space, to use Pipkin and Ritters phrase, is considered to be made up of Planck particles whose diameter is equal to L, and whose mass is equal to a fundamental unit called the Planck mass, M, x 10 grams.
These Planck particles form the basis for various cosmological theories such as strings, super strings, dimensional space, and so on. During the last hundred years, physicists have discovered that atomic particles such as electrons or protons, have a wave-form associated with them.
These waves are called de Broglie waves and vary inversely with mass That is to say, the heavier the particle, the shorter its wavelength. This means that because a proton is more massive, its wavelength is shorter than an electrons. What is interesting and important is that Planck particles have a diameter L that is equal to their de Broglie wavelength. The physical vacuum of space therefore appears to be made up of an all-pervasive sea of Planck particles whose density is an unbelievable 6 x 10 grams per cubic centimetre.
It might be Dc software engineering vacancies how anything can move through Dc software engineering vacancies a medium. It is because de Broglie wavelengths of elementary Dc software engineering vacancies are so long compared with the Planck length, L, that the vacuum is transparent to these elementary particles. It is for the same reason that long wavelength infrared light can travel through a dense cloud in space and reveal what is within instead of being absorbed, and why light can pass through dense glass.
Therefore, motion of elementary particles through the vacuum will be effortless, as long as these particles do not have energies of the Dc software engineering vacancies of what is referred to as Planck energy, or M c c is the velocity of light. Atomic particles of that energy would simply be absorbed by the structure of the vacuum.
From the figures for the density given above, the energy associated with this Planck particle sea making up the physical vacuum can be calculated to be of the order of 10 ergs per cubic centimetre, the same as the maximum value for the ZPE.
Currently, there are two theories that describe the behaviour and characteristics of the physical vacuum and the ZPE at the atomic or sub-atomic level: the quantum electro-dynamic QED model 8, and the somewhat more recent stochastic electro-dynamic SED model 9, They both give the same answers mathematically, so the choice between them is one of aesthetics.
Importantly, both come to the same conclusion that even at Dc software engineering vacancies zero the physical vacuum has an inherent energy density. The origin of this energy is discussed later. For now, the focus of attention is on the observable effects of this energy. The QED model maintains that the zero-point energy reveals its existence through the effects of sub-atomic virtual particles.
By contrast, the SED approach Dc software engineering vacancies that the ZPE exists as electromagnetic fields or waves whose effects explain the observed phenomena equally well.
Let us look at both in a little more detail. At the atomic level, the QED model proposes that, because of the high inherent energy density within the vacuum, some of this energy can be temporarily converted to mass. This is possible since energy and mass can be converted from one to the other according to Einsteins famous equation E m c where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light. Virtual particles are distinct from Planck particles that make up the structure of the vacuum.
While virtual particles are, perhaps, about 10 centimetres diameter, Planck particles are dramatically smaller at about 10 cm. Directly coupling the motor to the load also vastly improves accuracy and other system specifications. Finally, it is noteworthy that mechanical feed-throughs for the vacuum system are often as expensive as a Dc software engineering vacancies motor in its entirety.
So a system that features an internally placed motor often costs less than the alternative with the motor outside. For all these reasons, more and more vacuum applications use specialized motors that take into account the special environmental conditions of a vacuum.
Note that standard motors are inappropriate here. In general, standard motors will not survive in a vacuum of 10 Torr or lower. The primary reason is that lubricants in the bearings will vaporize and the insulation materials of the motor and cable will evaporate, a phenomenon known as Dc software engineering vacancies Outgassing within a vacuum chamber is obviously bad: In addition to destroying the motor, the vaporized materials condense on precision optical components and delicate mechanical devices, fouling the application.
Some materials like petroleumbased bearing grease vaporize so Dc software engineering vacancies that they literally create clouds of vapor in the vacuum chamber. Other materials vaporize more slowly, but can become an application nightmare. Silicone is one of these nightmares. Once a Dc software engineering vacancies chamber has been contaminated with silicone, it is nearly Dc software engineering vacancies to clean it all out.
It will continue to spread to anything and everything placed in the chamber. Additional materials notorious for outgassing include paper slot liners, conformal coatings, winding insulation, and many kinds of cements or glues. Motor cooling in a vacuum is also a problem. You are commenting using your WordPress. You are commenting using your Google account. You are commenting using your Twitter account. You are commenting using your Facebook account. Notify me of new comments via email.
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